Epigenetics and Invasive Species

Epigenetics Posited as Important for Success of Invasive Species. 

by Sujata Gupta

January 10, 2013

Originally published in Nature Magazine, found on ScientificAmerican.com

epigenetic modifications made on DNA (note methylated DNA
and histone modifications)

Epigenetic research could be the key to understanding the rapid adaptability of certain invasive species, as well as changing the way we think about evolution. Normally, a large amount of time is required for genetic mutations to be expressed in a population, which can pose a problem for the typically uniform genes of newly introduced species. Recent studies, however, suggest that these specie's are only modifying genes, without changing the genomes,  to comply with the demands of their environment. Andrea Liebl's research regarding Kenyan sparrows (Passar domesticus) is a prime example of epigenetic adaptions. Liebl found methyl groups, key indicators of epigenetic modification (see picture), in the genomes of a wide variety of sparrows. Also, in Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica), she noted that the genetically identical plants had different leaf shapes. However, this evolutionary theory has several critics. Evolutionary Geneticist, Jerry Coyne, says, "We have perfectly good other reasons, which are based on more solid premises on why invasive species succeed,"referring to his claims that, "It doesn't have to have a lot of variation to evolve," within the context of an unoccupied ecological niche. 

In my opinion, epigenetics is a fascinating topic, that could change the scientific community. Environmental changes activating specific genes, rather than a genome, could completely change how we perceive evolution, as well as genetics. It would allow us to better understand invasive species, as well as understand their potential for change. This information could in turn, help us understand ecosystems and their effects on certain species. In addition, I think a better understanding of epigenetics could revolutionize animal genetics, possibly leading to cures, for several, important, genetic disorders. In conclusion, I think a better understanding of genetic expression could help us cure diseases, as well as understand evolution and adaptability.